ʻO IWR6843ARQGALPR waiwai hou a me nā Electronic Components Integrated Circuits Microcontroller IC Chips

ʻO ka huakaʻi a Silicon i luna
ʻO kahi ʻoihana hāʻule: Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua ʻike ʻo Shockley i kahi manawa kūʻai nui ma ka mākeke i ka manawa ʻaʻohe mea i kūleʻa i ka hana ʻana i kahi transistor silicon;ʻo ia ke kumu i haʻalele ai ʻo ia iā Bell Labs i ka makahiki 1956 e hoʻomaka i kāna hui ponoʻī ma Kaleponi.ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ʻo Shockley a ʻo kāna hoʻokele ʻoihana he hana naʻaupō ia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kāna mau mākaukau hoʻonaʻauao.No laila ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻo Shockley iā ia iho i ka manaʻo e hoʻololi i ka germanium me ke silikoni, a ʻo ke kahua no ke koena o kona ola ʻana ʻo ia ka podium ma ke Kulanui ʻo Stanford.I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o kona hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana, ua haʻalele ka poʻe ʻōpio akamai ʻewalu āna i kiʻi ai iā ia, a ʻo ia ka "ʻewalu kipi" nāna e hoʻokō i ka manaʻo e hoʻololi i ka germanium me ke silika.

ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka transistor silika

Ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻEwalu Renegades i Fairchild Semiconductor, ʻo nā transistors germanium ka mākeke nui no nā transistors, me kahi kokoke i 30 miliona mau transistors i hana ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 1957, hoʻokahi wale nō miliona mau transistors silicon a kokoke i 29 miliona mau transistors germanium.Me ka māhele mākeke 20%, ua lilo ʻo Texas Instruments i mea nunui i ka mākeke transistor.

ʻO nā mea kūʻai nui loa ma ka mākeke, ke aupuni US a me ka pūʻali koa, makemake e hoʻohana i nā chips i nā helu nui i nā rockets a me nā missiles, e hoʻonui ana i ka ukana hoʻomaka waiwai a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hilinaʻi o nā terminals control.Akā e ʻike ʻia nā transistors i nā kūlana hana paʻakikī i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā haʻalulu ikaika.

ʻO Germanium ka mea mua e nalowale i ka wā e pili ana i ka mahana: hiki i nā transistors germanium ke kū i nā mahana o 80 ° C wale nō, ʻoiai nā koi o ka pūʻali koa no ka hana paʻa a hiki i 200 ° C.ʻO ka mea hiki ke kū i kēia mahana ʻo ka transistor silika.
Ua haku ʻo Sendong i ke kaʻina hana o ka hana ʻana i nā transistors silicon, e hana maʻalahi a maikaʻi hoʻi e like me nā puke i paʻi ʻia, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā transistors germanium ma ke ʻano o ke kumukūʻai.ʻO ke kaʻina hana a Fairchild no ka hana ʻana i nā transistors silika he ʻano maʻalahi e like me kēia.

ʻO ka mea mua, ua kaha lima ʻia kahi hoʻolālā, i kekahi manawa nui loa a paʻa i ka paia, a laila paʻi ʻia ke kiʻi a hoʻemi ʻia i kahi pepa liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, pinepine me ʻelua mau ʻaoʻao o ʻekolu ʻāpana, e hōʻike ana kēlā me kēia i kahi papa o ka circuitry.

ʻO ka lua, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi papa o nā mea ʻike māmā i ka wafer silika maʻemaʻe i ʻoki ʻia a hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka UV/laser e pale i ke ʻano kaapuni mai ka pepa transillumination ma luna o ka wafer silika.

ʻO ke kolu, waiho nā ʻāpana a me nā laina i ka ʻāpana ʻeleʻele o ka pepa transillumination i nā hiʻohiʻona i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ka wafer silika;ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i ʻike ʻole ʻia me kahi solution acid, a ua hoʻohui ʻia nā haumia semiconductor (diffusion technique) a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻokele metala.

ʻO ka hā, e hana hou i nā ʻanuʻu ʻekolu ma luna no kēlā me kēia wafer translucent, hiki ke loaʻa ka nui o nā transistors ma nā wafer silika, i ʻoki ʻia e nā wahine hana ma lalo o kahi microscope a laila hoʻopili ʻia i nā uwea, a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia, hoʻāʻo, a kūʻai aku.

Me ka nui o nā transistors silika ma ka mākeke, ʻo Fairchild, i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka Eight Traitors, ʻo ia kekahi o nā hui e hiki ke kū pū me nā pilikua e like me Texas Instruments.
He mea hoʻokele koʻikoʻi - Intel
ʻO ia ka mea hou o ka hui kaapuni i hōʻuluʻulu i ka mana o germanium.I kēlā manawa aia ʻelua laina ʻenehana, hoʻokahi no nā kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia ma nā chips germanium mai Texas Instruments a ʻo kekahi no nā kaapuni hoʻohui ʻia ma nā pahu silika mai Fairchild.I ka wā mua, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa koʻikoʻi nā hui ʻelua no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā patents ma nā kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia, akā ma hope ua ʻike ke Keʻena Patent i ka kuleana o nā patent ma nā ʻāpana hui e nā hui ʻelua.
Eia naʻe, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka holomua o ke kaʻina hana a Fairchild, ua lilo ia i mea maʻamau no nā kaapuni hoʻohui a hoʻohana mau ʻia i kēia lā.Ma hope mai, ua haʻalele ʻo Noyce, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia, a me Moore, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka Moore's Law, iā Centron Semiconductor, ʻo ia hoʻi, he mau lālā ʻelua o ka "Eight Traitors".Me Grove, ua hoʻokumu lākou i ka mea i kēia manawa ka ʻoihana chip semiconductor nui loa o ka honua - Intel.
I ka hoʻomohala ʻana aʻe, ua koi ʻo Intel i nā ʻāpana silika.Ua lanakila ʻo ia ma Texas Instruments, Motorola, a me IBM e lilo i mōʻī o ka waihona semiconductor a me ka ʻāpana CPU.

I ka lilo ʻana o Intel i mea pāʻani koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻoihana, ua hoʻopau pū ka silicon i ka germanium, a ʻo ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Santa Clara Valley i kapa hou ʻia ʻo "Silicon Valley".Mai ia manawa, ua like nā ʻāpana silika me nā ʻāpana semiconductor i ka ʻike lehulehu.