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Palapala & Media

Kaiapuni & Export Classification

kaapuni hoʻohui ʻia (IC), i kapa ʻia hoʻi ka pōʻai microelectronic, microchip, a i ʻole chip, he hui ouila uilanā ʻāpana, i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana hoʻokahi, kahi i hana ʻia ai nā mea hana liʻiliʻi (e laʻa,nā transistorsadiodes) a me nā mea hana pasif (e laʻa,capacitorsanā mea pale) a ua kūkulu ʻia ko lākou mau pilina ma luna o kahi substrate lahilahi osemiconductormea (maʻamausilika).ʻO ka hopenakaapunihe mea uukumonolithic“chip,” ʻo ia paha ka liʻiliʻi e like me kekahi mau kenimika huinaha a i ʻole he mau millimeter huinaha wale nō.ʻO nā ʻāpana kaapuni pākahi he microscopic ka nui.

 Hoʻohui ʻiakaapuni i ko lakou kumu i ka mea i haku ai o katransistori ka makahiki 1947 eWilliam B. Shockleya me kāna hui ma kaʻO ka Hui Kelepona a me Telegraph ʻAmelika Bell Laboratories.ʻO ka hui o Shockley (meJohn BardeenaWalter H. Brattain) ua ʻike ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono,nā electronse hana i keakea ma ka ili o kekahinā kristal, a ua aʻo lākou e hoʻomalu i ke kahe ouilama o kaanianima ka hooponopono ana i keia pale.ʻO ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka holo ʻana o ka electron i loko o kahi aniani i hiki ai i ka hui ke hana i kahi mea hiki ke hana i kekahi mau hana uila, e like me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hōʻailona, ​​​​i hana mua ʻia e nā paipu māmā.Ua kapa lākou i kēia mea he transistor, mai ka hui pū ʻana o nā huaʻōlelohoʻoiliapale pale.ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻano hana o ka hana ʻana i nā mea uila me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea paʻa i ʻike ʻia he solid-statemea uila.Nā mea hana paʻaua ʻoi aku ka paʻa, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana, ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā paipu māmā.Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā loina like a me nā mea, ua aʻo koke nā ʻenekinia e hana i nā ʻāpana uila ʻē aʻe, e like me nā resistors a me nā capacitors.I kēia manawa hiki ke hana liʻiliʻi ʻia nā mea uila, ʻo ka hapa nui o ke kaapuni ʻo ia ka uwea ʻino ma waena o nā mea hana.

Nā ʻano IC kumu

Analogkūʻēpōʻai kikohoʻe

Analog, a i ʻole linear, hoʻohana maʻamau nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi wale nō a no laila kekahi o nā ʻano IC maʻalahi loa.ʻO ka maʻamau, pili nā kaapuni analog i nā mea hana e hōʻiliʻili i nā hōʻailona mai kakaiapunia hoʻouna paha i nā hōʻailona i ke kaiapuni.Eia kekahi laʻana, amicrophonehoʻololi i nā leo leo e loli ana i hōʻailona uila o nā voli like ʻole.A laila hoʻololi ke kaapuni analog i ka hōʻailona ma kekahi ʻano pono—e like me ka hoʻonui ʻana a i ʻole ke kānana ʻana i ka leo makemake ʻole.Hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia kēlā hōʻailona i kahi leo kani, kahi e hana hou ai i nā leo i lawe mua ʻia e ka microphone.ʻO kekahi hoʻohana maʻamau no kahi kaapuni analog ʻo ia ka hoʻomalu ʻana i kekahi mea hana i ka pane ʻana i nā loli mau o ke kaiapuni.No ka laʻana, hoʻouna ka mea ʻike wela i kahi hōʻailona ʻokoʻa i amea hoʻopaʻa wela, hiki ke hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻohuli i ka ea, mea hoʻomehana, a i ʻole ka umu i ka wā i hiki ai ka hōʻailona i kekahiwaiwai.

ʻO kahi kaapuni kikohoʻe, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻolālā ʻia e ʻae i nā voltages wale nō o nā waiwai i hāʻawi ʻia.ʻO kahi kaapuni e hoʻohana ana i ʻelua mokuʻāina wale nō i ʻike ʻia he kaapuni binary.Hoʻolālā kaapuni me nā nui binary, "on" a me "off" e hōʻike ana i ka 1 a me 0 (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka wahaheʻe), hoʻohana i ka loina oAlgebra Boolean.(Hoʻokō ʻia ka helu helu ma kaʻōnaehana helu binarye hoʻohana ana i ka algebra Boolean.) Hoʻohui ʻia kēia mau mea kumu i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā IC no nā kamepiula kikohoʻe a me nā mea pili e hana i nā hana i makemake ʻia.

Microprocessorkaapuni

Microprocessorsʻo ia nā IC paʻakikī loa.Aia lākou i nā piliona onā transistorsi hoʻonohonoho ʻia e like me nā kaukani o nā kikohoʻe pākahikaapuni, hana kēlā me kēia i kekahi hana loiloi kikoʻī.Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi microprocessor me kēia mau logic circuit i hoʻonohonoho ʻia kekahi i kekahi.Loaʻa i nā microprocessors kakikowaena hoʻoponopono kikowaena(CPU) o ke kamepiula.

E like me ka hui hele, hana nā kaapuni i kā lākou hana loiloi wale nō ma ke alakaʻi ʻana a ka luna band.ʻO ka bandmaster i loko o kahi microprocessor, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka uaki.ʻO ka uaki he hōʻailona e hoʻololi koke ana ma waena o nā mokuʻāina logic ʻelua.I kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻololi ka uaki i ke kūlana, kēlā me kēia loiloikaapunii ka microprocessor hana i kekahi mea.Hiki ke hana wikiwiki loa, ma muli o ka wikiwiki (frequency clock) o ka microprocessor.

Loaʻa i nā microprocessors kekahi mau kaapuni, i kapa ʻia ʻo nā papa inoa, e mālama i ka ʻike.He mau wahi hoʻomanaʻo i koho mua ʻia nā papa inoa.He nui nā ʻano papa inoa o kēlā me kēia mea hana.Hoʻohana ʻia nā papa inoa paʻa no ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi i hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia no nā hana like ʻole (e like me ka hoʻohui a me ka hoʻonui).Hoʻopaʻa inoa ka manawa i nā helu e hana ʻia a me ka hopena.ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe o nā papa inoa e pili ana i ka counter program (i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kuhikuhi kuhikuhi), aia ka helu wahi e hoʻomanaʻo ai i ke aʻo aʻe;ʻo ke kiko kiko (i kapa ʻia ʻo ka papa inoa hoʻopaʻa inoa), aia ka helu wahi o ke aʻo hope i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi wahi o ka hoʻomanaʻo i kapa ʻia ʻo ka stack;a me ka helu helu hoʻomanaʻo, aia ka helu wahi o kaʻikepilie hana ʻia a i ʻole kahi e mālama ʻia ai ka ʻikepili i hana ʻia.

Hiki i nā microprocessors ke hana i nā piliona hana i kēlā me kēia kekona ma ka ʻikepili.Ma waho aʻe o nā kamepiula, maʻamau nā microprocessorsʻōnaehana pāʻani wikiō,nā kīwī,nā kamera, anā kaʻa kaʻa.

Hoʻomanaʻokaapuni

Pono nā Microprocessors e mālama i nā ʻikepili hou aʻe ma mua o ka hiki ke mālama ʻia i kekahi mau papa inoa.Hoʻoneʻe ʻia kēia ʻike hou i nā kaapuni hoʻomanaʻo kūikawā.Hoʻomanaʻoua haku ʻia me nā pūʻulu mānoanoa o nā kaapuni like e hoʻohana ana i ko lākou mau mokuʻāina uila e mālama i ka ʻike.Hoʻopaʻa pū ka hoʻomanaʻo i ke kaʻina manawa pōkole o nā kuhikuhi, a i ʻole ka papahana, no ka microprocessor.

Ke hoʻoikaika mau nei nā mea hana e hōʻemi i ka nui o nā kaapuni hoʻomanaʻo - e hoʻonui i ka hiki me ka hoʻonui ʻole ʻana i kahi.Eia hou, hoʻohana nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i ka mana liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana, a emi ke kumukūʻai no ka hana ʻana.