ʻO TPA3116D2DADR hou a me nā mea hou i hoʻohui ʻia i nā ʻāpana uila IC Chips

I nā lā mua o ka chip semiconductor, ʻaʻole ke silika ka mea nui, ʻo germanium.ʻO ka transistor mua he transistor i hoʻokumu ʻia i germanium a ʻo ka chip kaapuni hoʻohui mua he chip germanium.
ʻO ka transistor mua i hana ʻia e Bardeen lāua ʻo Bratton, nāna i hana ka transistor bipolar (BJT).ʻO ka diode junction P/N mua i haku ʻia e Shockley a, koke, ua lilo kēia ʻano hui i hoʻolālā ʻia e Shockley i hale maʻamau no ka BJT a ke lawelawe nei i kēia lā.Ua hāʻawi pū ʻia lākou ʻekolu i ka Nobel Prize in Physics i kēlā makahiki i ka makahiki 1956.
Hiki ke hoʻomaopopo wale ʻia kahi transistor ma ke ʻano he hoʻololi liʻiliʻi.Ma muli o nā waiwai o ka semiconductor, hiki ke hana ʻia kahi semiconductor N-type ma ka doping i ka semiconductor me ka phosphorus a me ka semiconductor P-type me ka boron.ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o N-type a me P-type semiconductor e hoʻokumu i ka junction PN, kahi hale koʻikoʻi i nā ʻāpana uila;ʻae kēia i nā hana loiloi kikoʻī e hana ʻia (e like me nā ʻīpuka, a i ʻole-puka, nā ʻīpuka ʻole, etc.)
He mau pilikia paʻakikī loa ka Germanium, e like me ka nui o nā hemahema i loko o ka semiconductor, ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka wela, a me ka nele o nā oxides.Eia kekahi, he mea laha ole ka germanium, me 7 wale no hapa miliona i loko o ka lepo o ka honua, a ua hoopuehu loa ia na ores germanium.Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o ka germanium a ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai o nā mea maka no ka germanium;He mea kakaikahi na mea, a no ke kumu kuai nui o na mea maka, aole i emi iki na transistors germanium, no laila paʻakikī ke hana i na transistors germanium ma ka nui.

No laila, ua lele ka poʻe noiʻi i kahi pae a nānā i ka mea silika.Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻōlelo ʻo nā hemahema āpau o ka germanium he mau pono ponoʻī o ke silika.

ʻO ka silikoni ka lua o ka mea nui loa ma hope o ka oxygen, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa nā monomers silika ma ke ʻano;ʻO kāna mau pūhui maʻamau he silica a me silicates.ʻO kēia mau mea, ʻo ka silica kekahi o nā mea nui o ke one.Eia kekahi, hoʻokumu ʻia nā pūhui e like me feldspar, granite, a me quartz ma luna o nā pūhui silica-oxygen.

ʻO ka silikoni ka thermally stable, loaʻa i ka ʻōkeke mau dielectric kiʻekiʻe, a hiki ke hoʻomākaukau maʻalahi me kahi interface silicon-silicon oxide me ka liʻiliʻi loa o nā hemahema interfacial.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo Silicon oxide i loko o ka wai (he hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka germanium oxide i ka wai) a hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka hapa nui o nā waikawa, ʻo ia ka hoʻohālikelike kūpono no ka ʻenehana paʻi corrosion i hoʻohana ʻia no nā papa kaapuni paʻi.ʻO ka huahana o kēia hui ʻana ʻo ia ke kaʻina hana pālahalaha no nā kaʻa i hoʻohui ʻia e hoʻomau nei a hiki i kēia lā.
ʻO nā kolamu kristal silika

ʻO ka huakaʻi a Silicon i luna
ʻO kahi ʻoihana hāʻule: Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua ʻike ʻo Shockley i kahi manawa kūʻai nui ma ka mākeke i ka manawa ʻaʻohe mea i kūleʻa i ka hana ʻana i kahi transistor silicon;ʻo ia ke kumu i haʻalele ai ʻo ia iā Bell Labs i ka makahiki 1956 e hoʻomaka i kāna hui ponoʻī ma Kaleponi.ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ʻo Shockley a ʻo kāna hoʻokele ʻoihana he hana naʻaupō ia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kāna mau mākaukau hoʻonaʻauao.No laila ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻo Shockley iā ia iho i ka manaʻo e hoʻololi i ka germanium me ke silikoni, a ʻo ke kahua no ke koena o kona ola ʻana ʻo ia ka podium ma ke Kulanui ʻo Stanford.I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o kona hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana, ua haʻalele ka poʻe ʻōpio akamai ʻewalu āna i kiʻi ai iā ia, a ʻo ia ka "ʻewalu kumakaia" nāna e hoʻopau i ka manaʻo e hoʻololi i ka germanium me ke silika.

ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka transistor silika

Ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻEwalu Renegades i Fairchild Semiconductor, ʻo nā transistors germanium ka mākeke nui no nā transistors, me kahi kokoke i 30 miliona mau transistors i hana ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 1957, hoʻokahi wale nō miliona mau transistors silicon a kokoke i 29 miliona mau transistors germanium.Me kahi māhele mākeke 20%, ua lilo ʻo Texas Instruments i mea nunui ma ka mākeke transistor.
ʻEwalu Renegades a me Fairchild Semiconductor

ʻO nā mea kūʻai nui loa o ka mākeke, ke aupuni US a me ka pūʻali koa, makemake e hoʻohana i nā chips i nā helu he nui i nā rockets a me nā missiles, e hoʻonui ana i ka ukana waiwai nui a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hilinaʻi o nā terminal control.Akā e kū pū ana nā transistors i nā kūlana hana koʻikoʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā haʻalulu ikaika.

ʻO Germanium ka mea mua e nalowale i ka wā e pili ana i ka mahana: hiki i nā transistors germanium ke kū i nā mahana o 80 ° C wale nō, ʻoiai nā koi o ka pūʻali koa no ka hana paʻa a hiki i 200 ° C.Hiki i nā transistors silika ke kū i kēia mahana.
ʻO ka transistor silika kahiko

Ua haku ʻo Fairchild i ke kaʻina hana o ka hana ʻana i nā transistors silicon, e maʻalahi a maikaʻi hoʻi e like me nā puke i paʻi ʻia a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā transistors germanium ma ke ʻano o ke kumukūʻai.ʻO ke kaʻina hana a Fairchild no ka hana ʻana i nā transistors silicon he ʻano maʻalahi e like me kēia.

ʻO ka mea mua, ua kaha lima ʻia kahi hoʻolālā, i kekahi manawa nui loa a paʻa i ka paia, a laila paʻi ʻia ke kiʻi a hoʻemi ʻia i kahi pepa liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, pinepine me ʻelua mau ʻaoʻao o ʻekolu ʻāpana, e hōʻike ana kēlā me kēia i kahi papa o ka circuitry.

ʻO ka lua, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi papa o nā mea ʻike māmā i ka wafer silika maʻemaʻe i ʻoki ʻia a hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka UV/laser e pale i ke ʻano kaapuni mai ka pepa transillumination ma luna o ka wafer silika.

ʻO ke kolu, waiho nā ʻāpana a me nā laina i ka ʻāpana ʻeleʻele o ka pepa transillumination i nā hiʻohiʻona i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ka wafer silika;ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i ʻike ʻole ʻia me kahi solution acid, a ua hoʻohui ʻia nā haumia semiconductor (diffusion technique) a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻokele metala.

ʻO ka hā, e hana hou i nā ʻanuʻu ʻekolu ma luna no kēlā me kēia wafer translucent, hiki ke loaʻa ka nui o nā transistors ma nā wafer silika, i ʻoki ʻia e nā wahine hana ma lalo o kahi microscope a laila hoʻopili ʻia i nā uwea, a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia, hoʻāʻo, a kūʻai aku.

Me nā transistors silicon i loaʻa i ka nui, ʻo nā mea hoʻokumu ʻewalu renegade o Fairchild kekahi o nā hui e hiki ke kū pū me nā pilikua e like me Texas Instruments.

ʻO ka pahu nui - Intel
ʻO ia ka mea hou o ka hui kaapuni i hōʻuluʻulu i ka mana o germanium.I kēlā manawa, aia ʻelua laina ʻenehana, hoʻokahi no nā kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia ma nā chip germanium mai Texas Instruments a ʻo kekahi no nā kaapuni hoʻohui ʻia ma nā pahu silika mai Fairchild.I ka wā mua, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa koʻikoʻi nā hui ʻelua no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā patents ma nā kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia, akā ma hope ua ʻike ke Keʻena Patent i ka kuleana o nā patent ma nā ʻāpana hui e nā hui ʻelua.
Eia naʻe, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka holomua o ke kaʻina hana a Fairchild, ua lilo ia i mea maʻamau no nā kaapuni hoʻohui a hoʻohana mau ʻia i kēia lā.Ma hope mai, ua haʻalele ʻo Noyce, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia, a me Moore, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka Moore's Law, iā Centron Semiconductor, ʻo ia hoʻi, he mau lālā ʻelua o ka "Eight Traitors".Me Grove, ua hana lākou i ka mea i kēia manawa ʻo ka ʻoihana chip semiconductor nui loa o ka honua, ʻo Intel.
ʻO nā mea hoʻokumu ʻekolu o Intel, mai ka hema: Grove, Noyce, a me Moore

I nā hoʻomohala aʻe, ua koi ʻo Intel i nā ʻāpana silika.Ua lanakila ʻo ia i nā pilikua e like me Texas Instruments, Motorola, a me IBM e lilo i mōʻī o ka mālama semiconductor a me ka māhele CPU.

I ka lilo ʻana o Intel i mea pāʻani koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻoihana, ua hoʻopau pū ka silicon i ka germanium, a ʻo ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Santa Clara Valley i kapa hou ʻia ʻo "Silicon Valley".Mai ia manawa, ua lilo nā ʻāpana silika i like me nā ʻāpana semiconductor i ka ʻike lehulehu.

He mau pilikia paʻakikī loa ka Germanium e hoʻoponopono ai, e like me ka nui o nā hemahema o nā semiconductors, ke kūpaʻa wela maikaʻi ʻole, a me ka nele o nā oxides.Eia kekahi, he mea laha ole ka germanium, me 7 wale no hapa miliona i loko o ka lepo o ka honua, a ua helelei loa ka germanium ores.Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o ka germanium a ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai o nā mea maka no ka germanium;He mea kakaikahi na mea, a no ke kumu kuai nui o na mea maka, he mea ma'alahi ke kuai i na transistors germanium, no laila, pa'akikī ka hana 'ana i na transistors germanium ma ka nui.

No laila, ua lele ka poʻe noiʻi i kahi pae a nānā i ka mea silika.Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻōlelo ʻo nā nāwaliwali kūlohelohe a pau o ka germanium he mau ikaika kūlohelohe ia.

ʻO ka silikoni ka lua o ka mea nui loa ma hope o ka oxygen, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa nā monomers silika ma ke ʻano;ʻO kāna mau pūhui maʻamau he silica a me silicates.ʻO kēia mau mea, ʻo ka silica kekahi o nā mea nui o ke one.Eia kekahi, hoʻokumu ʻia nā pūhui e like me feldspar, granite, a me quartz ma luna o nā pūhui silica-oxygen.

ʻO ka silikoni ka thermally stable, loaʻa i ka ʻōkeke mau dielectric kiʻekiʻe, a hiki ke hoʻomākaukau maʻalahi me kahi interface silicon-silicon oxide me ka liʻiliʻi loa o nā hemahema interfacial.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo Silicon oxide i loko o ka wai (he hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka germanium oxide i ka wai) a hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka hapa nui o nā waikawa, ʻo ia ka hoʻohālikelike kūpono no ka ʻenehana paʻi corrosion i hoʻohana ʻia no nā papa kaapuni paʻi.ʻO ka huahana o kēia hui ʻana ʻo ia ke kaʻina hana planar circuit circuit e hoʻomau nei a hiki i kēia lā.