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Kaapuni hui

ʻO kahi kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia a i ʻole monolithic integrated circuit (i kapa ʻia ʻo IC, chip, a i ʻole microchip) he pūʻulu okaapuni uilama kahi ʻāpana palahalaha liʻiliʻi (a i ʻole “chip”) osemiconductormea, maʻa mausilika.Helu nuio ka liiliiMOSFET(metala–oxide–semiconductornā transistors hopena kahua) hoʻohui i loko o kahi pahu liʻiliʻi.ʻO kēia ka hopena i nā kaʻapuni i ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki, a me ke kumukūʻai ma mua o nā mea i kūkulu ʻia me ka discrete.ʻāpana uila.ʻO ka ICnuipa? iecaianoaaiiuoka hiki, ka hilinaʻi, a me ka hoʻokokoke kūkulu-block ihoʻolālā kaapuni hoʻohuiua hōʻoia i ka lawe wikiwiki ʻana i nā IC maʻamau ma kahi o nā hoʻolālā e hoʻohana ana i ka discretenā transistors.I kēia manawa, hoʻohana ʻia nā IC i nā lako uila āpau a ua hoʻololi i ka honua omea uila.Kamepiula,kelepona paʻa limaa me nā mea ʻē aʻenā mea hana halehe mau ʻāpana hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia o ke ʻano o nā hui hou, i hiki ke hana ʻia e ka liʻiliʻi a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa o nā IC e like me nānā mea hana kamepiulaamicrocontrollers.

Hoʻohui nui-nuiua hana ʻia e nā holomua ʻenehana imetala–oxide–silikona(MOS)mea hana semiconductor.Mai ko lākou hoʻomaka ʻana i nā makahiki 1960, ua holomua nui ka nui, ka wikiwiki, a me ka hiki o nā chips, i alakaʻi ʻia e nā holomua ʻenehana i kūpono i nā transistors MOS hou aʻe i nā chips o ka nui like - hiki i kahi chip hou ke loaʻa i nā piliona o nā transistors MOS i kahi. ka nui o ka manamana lima kanaka.ʻO kēia mau holomua, e like me ka hahai ʻanaKānāwai o Moore, e hoʻolilo i nā ʻāpana kamepiula o kēia mau lā he mau miliona ka nui o ka mana a he mau kaukani ka wikiwiki o ka mīkini kamepiula o nā makahiki 1970.

Loaʻa i nā IC nā mea maikaʻi ʻeluakaapuni discrete: koina a me ka hana.He haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai no ka mea ua paʻi ʻia nā ʻāpana, me nā ʻāpana āpau, ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana ephotolithographyma mua o ka hana ʻana i hoʻokahi transistor i ka manawa.Eia kekahi, hoʻohana nā IC i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā mea liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā kaapuni discrete.He kiʻekiʻe ka hana no ka mea e hoʻololi koke nā ʻāpana o ka IC a hoʻopau i ka mana liʻiliʻi ma muli o ko lākou liʻiliʻi a kokoke.ʻO ka hemahema nui o nā IC ʻo ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻolālā ʻana iā lākou a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea e pono aipale kiʻi.ʻO kēia kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ʻo ia ka mea hiki ke kūʻai ʻia nā IC i ka wākiʻekiʻe production volumesua manaoia.

ʻōlelo ʻōlelo[hoʻoponopono]

Hekaapuni huiua wehewehe ʻia penei:^[1]

He kaapuni kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻia ai nā mea a pau a i ʻole kekahi o nā mea kaapuni a pili i ka uila i manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no ke kumu o ke kūkulu ʻana a me ke kālepa.

Hiki ke kūkulu ʻia nā kaapuni e hālāwai me kēia wehewehe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana like ʻole, menā transistors kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi,ʻenehana kiʻiʻoniʻoni mānoanoa, a i ʻolenā kaapuni hoʻohui hybrid.Eia naʻe, ma ka hoʻohana maʻamaukaapuni huiua hele mai e pili i ka hana kaapuni ʻāpana hoʻokahi i ʻike mua ʻia ʻo amonolithic integrated circuit, kūkulu pinepine ʻia ma kahi ʻāpana silika.^[2][3]

Moolelo

ʻO kahi hoʻāʻo mua i ka hoʻohui ʻana i kekahi mau ʻāpana i hoʻokahi mea (e like me nā IC hou) ʻo ia kaLoewe 3NFʻo ka pahu hau mai ka makahiki 1920.ʻAʻole like me ICs, ua hoʻolālā ʻia me ke kumu opale ʻauhau, e like me Kelemānia, loaʻa i nā mea lawe lekiō ka ʻauhau i ʻauhau ʻia ma muli o ka nui o nā mea paʻa paipu i loaʻa i kahi lekiō.Ua ʻae ia i nā mea hoʻopaʻa lekiō i hoʻokahi paʻa paipu.

ʻO nā manaʻo mua o kahi kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia e hoʻi i ka makahiki 1949, i ka wā i ʻenekinia KelemaniaWerner Jacobi^[4](Siemens AG)^[5]ua waiho i kahi patent no kahi mea hoʻonui semiconductor hoʻohuihui-circuit-like^[6]e hoike ana i elimanā transistorsma kahi substrate maʻamau i kahi ʻekolu-paemea hoʻonuihoʻonoho 'ana.Ua hōʻike ʻo Jacobi i nā mea liʻiliʻi a me nā haʻahaʻamea lohee like me nā noi ʻenehana maʻamau o kāna patent.ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia kahi hoʻohana pāʻoihana koke o kāna patent.

ʻO kekahi mea kākoʻo mua o ka manaʻoGeoffrey Dummer(1909–2002), he kanaka ʻepekema radar e hana ana no kaʻO ka Royal Radar Establishmento na BeritaniaKeena Palekana.Ua hōʻike ʻo Dummer i ka manaʻo i ka lehulehu ma ka Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components inWakinekona, DCma ka la 7 o Mei 1952.^[7]Ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā symposia he nui no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kona mau manaʻo a ua hoʻāʻo ʻole ʻo ia e kūkulu i kēlā kaapuni i ka makahiki 1956. Ma waena o 1953 a me 1957,Sidney Darlingtona me Yasuo Tarui (Hale Hana ʻElectrotechnical) ua hoʻolālā i nā hoʻolālā chip like kahi e hiki ai i kekahi mau transistors ke kaʻana like i kahi wahi hana maʻamau, akā ʻaʻohekaʻawale uilae hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai kekahi i kekahi.^[4]

Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka monolithic integrated circuit chip e nā mea i hana ʻia e kapapa hananaJean Hoerniap–n hui kaawalenaKurt Lehovec.Ua kūkulu ʻia ka mea hana a HoerniMohamed M. Atalla'O ka hana ma luna o ka passivation ili, a me ka hana a Fuller a me Ditzenberger ma ka diffusion o ka boron a me ka phosphorus haumia i loko o ke silika,Carl Froscha me ka hana a Linekona Derick ma ka pale ʻana i ka ʻāina, aChih-Tang Sah'O ka hana ma ka diffusion masking e ka oxide.^[8]